PEOPLE IN AMERICA - Woody Guthrie,1912-1967: Singing the Songs of 'Dust Bowl Refugees'

MARY TILLOTSON: Im Mary Tillotson.

STEVE EMBER: And Im Steve Ember with the VOA Special English program, PEOPLE IN AMERICA. Today, we begin a two-part story about songwriter and singer Woody Guthrie. He wrote songs about common people and social issues in the nineteen thirties. His music influenced many people.

(MUSIC)

MARY TILLOTSON: Imagine you are in America in the nineteen thirties. A train passes through the countryside. It is night time. And the only sound that can be heard is the long, lonely whistle coming from the trains engine. Inside the trains boxcars are groups of men sitting or lying on the floors. The men are dirty and their clothing is torn. In one boxcar, a short man with long, curly brown hair is playing a guitar and singing. His name is Woody Guthrie. He is singing a song about men who look for work as they travel from town to town.

(MUSIC - "I AINT GOT NO HOME")

STEVE EMBER: Woodrow Wilson Guthrie was born in nineteen twelve in the American state of Oklahoma. The Guthrie family lived in a small farming town called Okemah. Woodys father, Charles, was a businessman who bought and sold land. Woodys mother, Nora, was a school teacher. She also liked to play the piano and sing. When Woody was young, his mother sang him songs she had learned as a girl. These songs told stories about love and death and difficult times.

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MARY TILLOTSON: Woodys early years were happy ones. But his life began to change when he was only ten years old. One day, his sister, Clara, spilled oil on her dress and accidentally set herself on fire. She died the next day. Woody never forgot her death.

As time passed, Woodys mother began acting strangely. She lost control over her actions and speech. Many people thought she was insane. Because of this, the Guthrie family became more private as they attempted to hide Noras problems.

The loss of his daughter and his wifes suffering ruined Charles Guthrie. He began drinking alcohol. His business soon failed. The Guthrie family left Okemah and lived in several towns in Oklahoma and Texas. Young Woody often had to work instead of attending school because his family was poor.

STEVE EMBER: The first musical instrument Woody learned to play was the harmonica. He learned to play the harmonica by watching an old man play the instrument. Woody learned how to play the guitar by watching his fathers brother play. In the nineteen twenties, Woody was living in the town of Pampa, Texas. Pampa was known as a boom town because it had grown quickly after oil was discovered nearby.

On weekends, Woody joined other young men to play music at dances in the town. Years later, Woody described what singing meant to him:

When you sing a song, it reaches out and enters peoples ears. It makes them jump up and down, and sing it with you. The best part about singing is that you can sing what you think. You can tell all kinds of stories in a song, and put your ideas across to another person.

MARY TILLOTSON: Woody liked to communicate with other people through his music. Yet he did not like to say much about himself. One reason for this was that he did not want people to know that his mother was in a hospital for insane people. Nora Guthrie suffered from a disease that destroys the brain and nervous system. He was seventeen years old when his mother died, in nineteen twenty-nine. That was the year when the economy of the United States began to slow down. Over the next several years, many Americans lost their jobs. The period became known as the Great Depression.

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In Pampa, the oil fields dried up. Farms in many areas failed because little or no rain fell for several years. The land became so dry that wind easily blew away the top soil. These areas of Texas, Oklahoma and other states became known as the Dust Bowl.

STEVE EMBER: Like many other people, Woody Guthrie left Pampa to travel around Texas and the Southwest looking for work. He often made trips by train. But because he had no money, he would jump on the trains boxcars and ride for free. This was often dangerous, because guards on the train would throw the men off or arrest them. However, Woody found this life exciting. One of the first songs he wrote was about leaving home and fleeing the Dust Bowl.

(MUSIC - "ITS BEEN GOOD TO KNOW YOU")

MARY TILLOTSON: Woody Guthrie married Mary Jennings in nineteen thirty-three. They had three children. Three years later, Woody left his family and traveled to California. He met many kinds of people during his travels. He also learned songs from many different parts of the country. Yet what affected him most was the suffering he saw. He said: When I saw hard-working people suffering under debts, sickness and worries, I knew there was plenty to make up songs about.

STEVE EMBER: In California, Woody earned money by playing his guitar and singing. Later, he began performing on a radio program with a friend, Maxine Crissman. She was called Lefty Lou. They had one of the most popular radio programs in Los Angeles. They sang songs Woody had written about social issues. His best songs were about the troubles Americans faced during the Depression. This song is about the dangers of coal mining. It is called The Dying Miner.

(MUSIC - "THE DYING MINER")

MARY TILLOTSON: In nineteen thirty-eight, Woody Guthrie left the radio program to travel around California. He found that conditions had become worse for many people who had lost their land and fled the Dust Bowl.

Most of these Dust Bowl refugees could only find seasonal farm work like gathering fruit from trees. Farm owners did not pay these workers much money. The workers lived in camps that were often dirty and had no running water. Hunger and sickness were widespread. The people in the camps seemed to have lost all hope of improving their lives. Woody wrote a song about them called Dust Bowl Refugees.

(MUSIC - "DUST BOWL REFUGEES")

STEVE EMBER: The oppression and bad conditions in the workers camps made Woody Guthrie angry. He began helping labor organizers establish unions to help the workers. Next week, we tell about how he traveled to New York City and became a well-known musician.

(MUSIC - "THIS LAND IS YOUR LAND")

MARY TILLOTSON: This Special English program was written by Shelley Gollust. It was produced by Paul Thompson. Im Mary Tillotson.

STEVE EMBER: And Im Steve Ember. Join us again next week for another PEOPLE IN AMERICA program on the Voice of America.